Manuscripts
of Romans
Q: How do
we know that Rom was really written by Paul?
A: A number of ways:
Thew Book of Romans itself says so, and the early
church never questioned this.
The Muratorian Canon lines 34-39 (c.170
A.D.) mentions Paul’s Letter to the Romans as being by Paul.
Irenaeus in Against Heresies p.454
(written about 182-188 A.D.) says that Paul wrote Romans and quotes all of
Romans 1:3-4. and all of Romans 1:1-4 and all of Romans 9:5 on p.441
Tertullian said Paul wrote to the Romans, Galatians, Philippians,
Thessalonians, and Ephesians in Tertullian Against Marcion
book 4 ch.5 p.350 (207 A.D.). He says the New Testament was a book "that
comes down from the apostles, which has been kept as a sacred deposit in the
churches of the apostles." Tertullian also mentioned Paul writing to the
Romans in Against Praxeas chapter 28.
Tertullian quotes Romans 7:2,3 as being from Romans in On Monogamy ch.13
p.70
Cyprian of Carthage (c.246-258 A.D.) He quotes from "the epistle of
Paul to the Romans" in Treatise 12 the third book 17 among other
places.
Novatian in On the Trinity (257 A.D.)
refers to Romans 1:20 as by the Apostle Paul
Q:
In Rom, how do we know that Scripture today is a reliable preservation of what
was originally written?
A:
There are at least three good reasons.
1. God promised to preserve His word in Isaiah 55:10-11; Isaiah
59:21; Isaiah 40:6-8; 1 Peter 1:24-25; Matthew 24:35.
2. Evidence of the early church. Here are a few of the writers who
referred to verses in Romans.
Clement of Rome (97/98 A.D.) quotes Romans 1:32b 1 Clement ch.34
vol.1 p.14; vol.9 p.239
To Diognetus c.130 A.D.
The Didache 120-150 A.D.
Polycarp (c.150 A.D.) Romans 14:10b,12 1 ½ quote Polycarp’s Letter to
the Philippians ch.6 p.34
(The Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.1 p.591 has four references in Justin
Martyr’s works in the appendix, but in my opinion these are not clear enough to
count as references.)
Muratorian canon (c.170 A.D.) mentions
that Paul wrote to seven churches in his epistles, Corinthians (2 letters),
Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Galatians, Thessalonians (2 letters),
Romans. Paul wrote Philemon, Titus, two letters to Timothy.
Theophilus of Antioch (wrote
168-181/188 A.D.)
Irenaeus (182-188 A.D.) quotes Romans 1:1-4 as
by Paul writing to the Romans. Irenaeus
Against Heresies book 3 ch.16.3 p.441. Also Romans 8:36 as by Paul in his
letter address to the Romans in Irenaeus
Against Heresies book 2 ch.22.2 p.390
Clement of Alexandria (193-217/220 A.D.) quotes Romans 16:19 by the
Apostle in the Epistle to the Romans. The Instructor book 1 ch.5 p.214
Tertullian (198-220 A.D.) says "the Apostle admonishes the
Romans" and quotes Romans 13:1 in Scorpiace
ch.14 p.647.
Theodotus probable Montanist
(ca.240 A.D.) alludes to Romans 8:15; Galatians 4:6 in his letter ch.19 p.45
Hippolytus (225-235/6 A.D.) quotes Romans 1:17
as by Paul Treatise on Christ and Antichrist ch.64 p.218
Origen (225-254 A.D.) quotes of Romans 1:1-4 in Paul’s Epistle to the Romans.
de Principiis book 2 ch.4.2 p.276
Novatian in On the Trinity (257 A.D.)
refers to Romans 1:20 as by the Apostle Paul. Treatise on the Trinity
ch.3 p.614
Cyprian was a bishop of Carthage from 248 to his martyrdom in 258 A.D..
He quotes from "the epistle of Paul to the Romans" in Treatise 12
the third book 17 among other places.
At the Seventh Council of Carthage (258 A.D.) on p.570 Paulus of Obba quotes half of two
verses, Romans 3:3b-4a, as by the apostle.
Victorinus bishop of Petau
in Austria (martyred 304 A.D.) Mentions the Old and New Testaments in his Commentary
on the Apocalypse of the Blessed John p.345 He listed the letters of Paul
as Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Thessalonians, Philippians,
Colossians, Timothy and quotes 1 Timothy 3:15 in ch.16 p.345 He goes on to
quote 1 Corinthians 15:53 on p.346
After Nicea
Athanasius (367 A.D.) lists the books of the New Testament in Festal
Letter 39 p.552
Hilary of Poitiers (355-367/368 A.D.)
Cyril of Jerusalem (c.349-386 A.D.) mentions Romans 8:14 as by Paul
written to the Romans Lecture 14.29 p.102
Gregory of Nyssa (c.356-397 A.D.) says Romans 1:1 is by Paul in Against
Eunomius book 2 ch.4 p.105 and the Epistle to the
Romans in Against Eunomius book 2 ch.9 p.117
John Chrysostom (392-407 A.D.) wrote down 32 sermons on Romans.
Augustine of Hippo (388-430 A.D.) mentions apostle writing Romans in The
City of God book 20 ch.1 p.421
The semi-Pelagian John Cassian
(419-430 A.D.) quotes Romans 14:10,11 as "the apostle… writing to the
Romans" in The Seven Books of John Cassian
book 3 ch.7 p.566
We still have all of these today.
3. Earliest manuscripts we have of Romans show there are small
manuscript variations, but zero theologically significant errors.
p10 (=Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 209) Romans 1:1-7
(4th century). Alexandrian text
4th century - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
p26 Romans 1:1-16 c.600 A.D. Agrees with Sinaiticus
and Alexandrinus
c.600 A.D. -1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
p27 Romans 8:12-22,24-27; 8:33-9:3; 9:5-9 (3rd century) The Complete
Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts has a picture of part of p27
on p.109.
3rd century - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
p31 Romans 12:308 7th century. Agrees with Sinaiticus
7th century - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
p40 Rom 1:24-17; 1:31-2:3; 3:21-4:8; (2 out of 19 letters of 6:2), 7 out
of 62 letters or 6:3) 6:4-5; (7 out of 56 letters of 6:15); 6:16; 9:17,27 (3rd
century) Alexandrian text.
3rd century - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament does not mention
verses 6:2-3, 15
p46 Chester Beatty II 100-150 A.D. Romans
5:17-6:3; 6:5-14; 8:15-25,27-35; 8:37-9:32; 10:1-11:22; 11:24-33; 11:35-15:9;
15:11-16:27, and
other parts of Paul’s letters and Hebrews. (233 verses of Romans) The
Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts has a photograph of
part of p46 on p.192. It also says on p.197-198 that the quality and the stichiometric marks show that a professional scribe wrote
this.
First half of 3rd century - 1936 - Frederic G. Kenyon according to The
Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts.
2nd century, 200 A.D. - 1935 - Ulrich Wilken
according to The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts.
200 A.D. - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
81-96 A.D. - 1988 - Young Kyu Kim according to The
Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts.
About 200 A.D. - 1975 - Aland et al. third edition.
About 200 A.D. - 1998 - Aland et al. fourth revised edition.
Early to middle 2nd century - 1999 - The Complete Text of the Earliest New
Testament Manuscripts. This is based in part on the handwriting being very
similar to Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 8 (late first or early
second century) and Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2337 (late
first century).
p61 Romans 16:23,25-27; 1 Corinthians 1:1-2, 2-6; 5:1-3, 5-6, 9-13;
Philippians 3:5-9, 12-16, Colossians 1:3-7, 9-13, 1 Thessalonians 1:2-3; Titus
3:1-5, 8-11, 14-15 Philemon 4-7. c.700 A.D.
c.700 A.D. - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
About 700 A.D. - 1975 - Aland et al. third edition and 1998 – Aland et al.
fourth revised edition
p94 Romans 6:10-13,19-22 (5th/6th century)
p113 (=Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4498) Romans
2:12-13,20 (3rd century)
Uncial 0220 (c.300 A.D.) Romans 4:23-5:3; 5:8-13 (c.300 A.D.) The
Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts p.646 says this
manuscript agrees with Vaticanus everywhere except on
Romans 5:1. It also says that while Romans 5:8-13 is there too, it is too
damaged for reconstruction.
Vaticanus [B] 325-350 A.D.
Sinaiticus [Si] 340-350 A.D.
Bohairic Coptic [Boh]
3rd/4th century
Fayyumic Coptic [Fay] 3th/4th century
Sahidic Coptic [Sah]
3rd/4rth century
Alexandrinus [A] c.450 A.D.
Gothic [Goth] 493-555 A.D.
Ephraemi Rescriptus
[C] 5th century
Armenian [Arm] from 5th century
Claromontanus [D] 5th/6th century
Ethiopic [Eth] from c.500 A.D.
Bible Query – Early Manuscripts of
Romans
November 15, 2009 version
Q: In Rom, what are early New
Testament manuscripts we have preserved today?
A: Here are many of them.
p10 (=Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 209) Romans
1:1-7 (4th century). Alexandrian text
4th century - 1968 - The Text of
the New Testament.
p26 Romans 1:1-16 c.600 A.D. Agrees with Sinaiticus
and Alexandrinus
c.600 A.D. -1968 - The Text of
the New Testament.
p27 Romans 8:12-22,24-27; 8:33-9:3; 9:5-9 (3rd century) The Complete
Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts has a picture of part of p27
on p.109.
3rd century - 1968 - The Text of
the New Testament.
p31 Romans 12:3-8 7th century. Agrees with Sinaiticus
7th century - 1968 - The Text of
the New Testament.
p40 Rom 1:24-27; 1:31-2:3; 3:21-4:8; (2 out of 19 letters of
6:2), 7 out of 62 letters or 6:3) 6:4-5; (7 out of 56 letters of 6:15); 6:16;
9:17,27 (3rd century) Alexandrian text.
3rd century - 1968 - The Text of
the New Testament does not mention verses 6:2-3, 15
p46 Chester Beatty II 100-150 A.D. Romans 5:17-6:3; 6:5-14;
8:15-25,27-35; 8:37-9:32; 10:1-11:22; 11:24-33; 11:35-15:9; 15:11-16:27, and
other parts of Paul’s letters and Hebrews. (233 verses of Romans) The
Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts has a photograph of
part of p46 on p.192. It also says on p.197-198 that the quality and the stichiometric marks show that a professional scribe wrote
this.
First half of 3rd century - 1936 - Frederic G. Kenyon
according to The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts.
2nd century, 200 A.D. - 1935 - Ulrich Wilken
according to The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts.
200 A.D. - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
81-96 A.D. - 1988 - Young Kyu Kim
according to The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts.
About 200 A.D. - 1975 - Aland et al. Third edition.
About 200 A.D. - 1998 - Aland et al. Fourth revised edition.
Early to middle 2nd century - 1999 - The Complete Text of
the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts. This is based in part on the
handwriting being very similar to Papyrus Oxyrhynchus
8 (late first or early second century) and Papyrus Oxyrhynchus
2337 (late first century).
p61 Romans 16:23,25-27; 1 Corinthians 1:1-2, 2-6; 5:1-3, 5-6,
9-13; Philippians 3:5-9, 12-16, Colossians 1:3-7, 9-13, 1 Thessalonians 1:2-3;
Titus 3:1-5, 8-11, 14-15 Philemon 4-7. c.700 A.D.
c.700 A.D. - 1968 - The Text of the New Testament.
About 700 A.D. - 1975 - Aland et al. Third edition.
About 700 A.D. - 1998 - Aland et al. Fourth revised edition.
p94 Romans 6:10-13,19-22 (5th/6th century)
p113 (=Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4498)
Romans 2:12-13,20 (3rd century)
Uncial 0220 (c.300 A.D.) Rom 4:23-5:3; 5:8-13 (c.300 A.D.) The
Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts p.646 says this
manuscript agrees with Vaticanus everywhere except on
Romans 5:1. It also says that while Rom 5:8-13 is there too, it is too damaged
for reconstruction.
Vaticanus 325-350 A.D.
Sinaiticus 340-350 A.D.
Bohairic Coptic 3rd/4th
century
Fayyumic Coptic 3th/4th
century
Sahidic Coptic 3rd/4rth
century
Alexandrinus c.450 A.D.
Gothic 493-555 A.D.
Ephraemi Rescriptus 5th century
Armenian [Arm] from 5th century
Claromontanus 6th century
Ethiopic [Eth] from c.500 A.D.
Palestinian Syriac [Syr Pal] from c.6th century
Peshitta Syriac [Syr P] 411-435 A.D... Over 350
manuscripts.
Harclean Syriac [Syr H] 616.A.D Thomas of Harkel
Q: In Rom, what are the manuscript
variations with the Textus Receptus,
the basis for the KJV?
A: Jay P. Green, Sr. in the Interlinear
Bible records variations in approximately 55 words between the Textus Receptus and the majority
text. These are in 40 places. (These are in chapters 1, 2, 4, 7-15). This is
not counting moving 16:25-27 to the end of chapter 14. In addition, he also
records approximately 3 words (3 places) of alternates.
Q: In Rom, what are some of the
manuscript variations?
A: Paul’s Letter to the Romans has a
total of 7,111 Greek words in 433 verses. This is the count in both Aland et
al. 3rd edition and Aland et al. 4th revised edition, including 37 words in
brackets. You can see the text of the 3rd edition on-line at
http://www.greekbible.com. Romans has an estimated word-for-word accuracy
of 96.3%, with 256 words in question. These are in 101 verses (114 places).
Below are the
variations with the primary choice and the top alternate choice. Aland et al
4th revised edition and 3rd edition, from which this primarily is
based, also give a judgment of the degree of certainty per variation. The list
below does not include many places where the evidence for a particular reading
is so strong that the alternatives are very unlikely. See the next question for
which manuscripts support which variants.
Rom 1:1 “Christ Jesus” (p10, Vaticanus)
vs. “Jesus Christ” (p26, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Byzantine Lectionary, Sahidic
Coptic, Bohairic Coptic, Georgian, Chrysostom)
Rom 1:3 “coming from the seed of
David” vs. “being born of the seed of David” (2 letters) (Origen, Syr Pal, apparent Byzantine) (1 word not counted in the
totals)
Rom 1:7 “being in Rome beloved of
God” (almost all manuscripts) vs. “being beloved of God” (Italic, Origen,
bilingual “G” ninth century, and 9th-11th century manuscripts) (2 words not counted
in the totals) See A Textual Commentary on the New Testament fourth
revised edition by Bruce Metzger p.447 for more info.
Rom 1:7 “beloved of God” (p10, p26, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Alexandrinus, Sahidic Coptic, Bohairic Coptic, Armenian, Origen) vs. “in the love of God”
(some Italic) vs. absent (2 words not counted in the totals, because the
support is overwhelming for the first way.)
Rom 1:13 “not I wish” vs. “not I
think” (Since Aland et al. call this variation “virtually certain” and no major
manuscripts have this variation, these two words are not counted in the
totals.)
Rom 1:15 “to you in
Rom 1:16 “to the Jew first” (most manuscripts) vs. “to the Jew” (Vaticanus, G, some Italic, Sahidic
Coptic, Tertullian, Ephraem) (1 word)
Rom 1:29 “iniquity, covetousness, malice” vs. “iniquity, malice,
covetousness” vs. “malice, iniquity”
Rom 1:31 “heartless/without affection, unmerciful/ruthless” vs.
“heartless/without affection, implacable, unmerciful/ruthless”
Rom 2:2 “but that the judgment” vs. “for that the judgment”
Rom 2:16 “Christ Jesus” vs. “Jesus Christ”
Rom 3:7 “but” vs. “for”
Rom 3:9 “do we excel, not at all: vs. “are we excelling, not at
all” (3 words)
Rom 3:12 absent vs. “not is”
Rom 3:22 “to all” vs. “with all”
Rom 3:25 “through faith” vs. “through the faith”
Rom 3:26 “Jesus” (Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Alexandrinus, Ephraemi Rescriptus, Byzantine) vs. “Jesus Christ” (Bohairic Coptic, some Italic) vs. “Lord Jesus the Messiah”
(Syriac Peshitta)1 word not
counted in the totals
Rom 3:28 “for” vs. “then”
Rom 4:1 “shall we say Abraham our ancestor” vs. “shall we say
Abraham our father” vs. “Abraham our father shall we say”
Rom 4:1 “by Abraham” vs. “About Abraham”
Rom 4:11 “to be counted also” vs. “to be counted”
Rom 4:15 “for” (different Greek words)
Rom 4:19 “he considered” vs. “not he considered”
Rom 4:19 “already to have died” vs. “to have died”
Rom 4:22 “therefore also vs. “Therefore”
Rom 5:1 “we have” vs. “let us have”
Rom 5:2 “by faith” vs. “in by faith” vs. absent (2 words)
Rom 5:6 absent vs. “yet for”
Rom 5:12 “death passed” vs. “passed death” vs. “passed”
Rom 5:17 “gift of” vs. “of the gift and of” vs. “of”
Rom 5:19 “one [Jesus Christ] vs.
“one man [Jesus Christ]” (Only in Irenaeus and Bezae Cantabrigiensis, so 1 word
not counted in the totals)
Rom 6:4 “therefore” vs. “for”
Rom 6:8 “for” (different Greek words)
Rom 6:11 “Christ Jesus ” vs. “Christ Jesus our Lord” (Sinaiticus, Ephraemi Rescriptus, Byzantine, [Palatine Syriac],
Bohairic Coptic) (3 words)
Rom 6:12 “the lusts of it” vs. “it” (p46, Bezae
Cantabrigiensis) vs. “it in the lusts of it”
Rom 6:16 “sin unto death” vs. “sin”
Rom 7:6 “law, dying”, vs. “law, the death”
Rom 7:14 “we know” (oidamen) vs. “I
know indeed) (oida men) the only
difference is a space, so 1 word not counted in the totals
Rom 7:18 “good where” vs. “good, not I find”
Rom 7:20 “I do not will” vs. “[I] do not will”
Rom 7:22 “God” vs. “mind” (Vaticanus only, so not counted in the totals)
Rom 7:23 “captive in the law” vs. “captive the law” (2 words)
Rom 7:25 “grace even of God” vs. “I thank God”
Rom 8:1 “Jesus” vs. “Jesus, walking not according to the flesh” vs.
“Jesus, walking not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.” (8
words) (See the discussion on Romans 8:1 for more info.)
Rom 8:2 “you (singular)” vs. “me” vs. “us”
Rom 8:11 “Jesus from death” vs. “the one Jesus from death”
Rom 8:11 “Christ” vs. “the Christ” vs. “Christ Jesus” vs. “Jesus” (2
words)
Rom 8:11 “the indwelling of the him spirit” vs. the same. (different
Greek words for “the” and “spirit” (2 words)
Rom 8:11 “through the Spirit” vs. “on account of the Spirit” (NRSV
margin)
Rom 8:21 “hope, that” vs. “hope, because” vs. “hope,”
Rom 8:23 “groaned, adoption” vs. “groaned”
Rom 8:24 “he hopes” vs. “he endures/awaits”
Rom 8:24 “see anyone” vs. “sees anyone why also”
Rom 8:26 “intercedes/pleads our case” vs. “intercedes/pleads our
case for us” (2 words)
Rom 8:28 “work together” vs. “work together with God”
Rom 8:28 “all things work together for good” vs. “God makes all
things work together for good” vs. “in all things God works for good”
(approximately 3 words)
Rom 8:34 “raised” vs. “raised from death” (2 words)
Rom 8:35 “Christ” vs. “God”
Rom 8:38 “nor powers nor present nor things to come” (Alexandrinus) vs. “nor present nor things to come nor
powers” (Byzantine) (2 words)
Rom 9:4 “the covenants” vs. “the covenant”
Rom 9:5 “fathers and from whom” vs.
“fathers from whom” (only in some early church writers so 1 word not counted in
the totals)
Rom 9:23 “and that he made known” vs. “and he made known”
Rom 9:28 “bring to an end” vs. “bring to an end in righteousness” (2
words)
Rom 9:28 “for the Lord will execute his sentence on the earth
quickly and decisively” vs. “for he will finish his work and cut it short in
righteousness because the Lord will make the sentence shortened on the earth”
(approximately 13 words)
Rom 9:32 “works” vs. “works of law”
Rom 9:33 “and” vs. “and each/every”
Rom 10:1 “they for may being saved” vs. “they be for may being
saved” vs. “
Rom 10:5 “law, doing” vs. “law, the doing”
Rom 10:5 “things man shall live” vs. “things shall live”
Rom 10:9 “Jesus” vs. “Jesus Christ” (p46)
Rom 10:15 “feet” vs. “feet of those preaching the gospel of peace” (3
words)
Rom 10:17 “Christ” vs. “God”
Rom 11:1 “the people” vs. “the property/blessing”
Rom 11:6 “becomes grace.” vs. “becomes grace. But if of works, no
longer grace” vs. “no longer grace, otherwise it would no longer be work”
(approximately 14 words)
Rom 11:16 “if now” vs. “now”
Rom 11:17 “rich root” vs. “richness”
Rom 11:17 “the root [of] the fatness” vs. “the root and [of] the
fatness”
Rom 11:21 “not how neither” vs. “neither” vs. “not” (2 words)
Rom 11:25 “in” (different Greek words)
Rom 11:31 “these now disobeyed” vs. “these disobeyed”
Rom 11:32 “all” (pantas) masculine
(Byzantine Lectionary, Syriac, Sahidic
Coptic, Bohairic Coptic, Fayyumic
Coptic, Gothic, Armenian, Origen (later), Chrysostom) vs. neuter (panta) (original Claromontanus,
Italic, Vulgate, Irenaeus in Against Heresies
1.9.3, Ambrose)
Rom 12:11 “Lord” vs. “time” (time is only in the Latin and Origen’s
version, and mentioned in the NRSV footnote)
Rom 12:14 “persecuting you” vs. “persecute”
Rom 13:1 “Let all be” vs. “Let all souls be”
Rom 13:5 “it is necessary to” vs. “and” be subject to the
authorities
Rom 13:9 “do not steal. “do not steal. Do not lust” (2 words)
Rom 13:11 “your” vs. “our” (1 letter difference)
Rom 13:12 “we should cast off” (different Greek word)
Rom 14:4 “Lord” vs. “God”
Rom 14:5 absent vs. “for”
Rom 14:9 “died and lived” vs. “died and rose” vs. “also died and
rose and lived” (3 words)
Rom 14:10 “God” vs. “Christ”
Rom 14:12 absent vs. “to God”
Rom 14:16 “you”(plural) vs. “us”
Rom 14:19 “let us pursue” vs. “we pursue/are pursuing”
Rom 14:21 “stumbles” vs. “grieves” vs. “stumbles or be upset or
weakened” (4 words)
Rom 14:22 “do you faith have?” vs. “do you faith not have?”
Rom 14:23 verses 16:25-27 here instead of after 16:24. (53 words)
Rom 15:7 “you” (plural) vs. “us”
Rom 15:8 “Christ” vs. “Jesus Christ”
(only in Bezae Cantabrigiensis
and later manuscripts) vs. “Christ Jesus” (Vulgate) (1 word not counted in the
totals)
Rom 15:19 “Spirit of God” vs. “Spirit” vs. “Holy Spirit” (2 words)
Rom 15:23 “many years” vs. “a number of years”
Rom 15:24 “
“Spain, I will come to you” ((Byzantine Lectionary, Syr
H, some Georgian) (3 words)
Rom 15:29 “Christ” vs. “the Gospel of Christ”
Rom 15:31 “ministry” vs. “gift” vs. “bring of a gift” (2 words)
Rom 15:32 “In joy coming to you through [the] will of God” vs. “coming
in joy to you through [the] will of Jesus Christ”
Rom 15:32 “I may” vs. “and I may”
Rom 15:33 “amen” is absent
Rom 16:7 the name “Junias” vs. another
name
Rom 16:7 “were” vs. “have been” (2 letters)
Rom 16:8 “our Lord Christ” vs. “our
Lord Jesus Christ” (Coptic, Armenian) (1 word not counted in the totals)
Rom 16:10 “our Lord Jesus” vs. “Our Lord Jesus Christ” (Alexandrinus, Ephraemi Rescriptus, Byzantine, Syriac,
Coptic)
Rom 16:15 the name “Julia”. vs. “Junius”
Rom 16:20 “Jesus” vs. “Jesus Christ”
Rom 16:22 “I Tertius, the writer of this
letter, greet you in the Lord” vs. absent vs. “I Tertius
writing this letter in the Lord, greet you” (NRSV) (10 words)
Rom 16:24 The entire verse which says, “May the grace of our Lord
Jesus Christ be with all or you. Amen.” vs. absent in many Alexandrian
manuscripts) (11 words)
Rom 16:25-27 all three verses are
absent or moved to after Rom 14:23. (53 words) (already counted after Rom
14:23, so not counted twice)
Rom 16:27 “to whom” vs. “to him”
Rom 16:27 literally “ages” vs. “ages of ages”. In other words,
“forever” vs. “forever and ever.” (2 words)
Some manuscripts have the
postscript, “to Romans written from
Bibliography for this question: The
Greek New Testament Third Edition by Kurt Aland et al., The Greek New
Testament Fourth Edition by Kurt Aland et al., Interlinear Greek-English
New Testament by George Ricker Berry, the Interlinear Bible by Jay
P. Green, The Expositor’s Bible Commentary volume 8, A Textual Commentary
on the Greek New Testament 2nd edition by Bruce M. Metzger, The Orthodox
Corruption of Scripture by Bart Ehrman, The
Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts edited by Philip W.
Comfort and David P. Barrett, The Expositor’s Greek Testament edited by
W. Robertson Nicoll, and footnotes in the NASB, NIV,
NKJV, and NRSV Bible translations. Manuscripts of the Greek Bible : An
Introduction to Paleography by Bruce M. Metzger also has interesting
information on the characteristics and quality of the copying of each
manuscript.
Q:
In Rom, how do the early manuscripts compare with each other?
A: The table below shows each of the
places in question, and the number says which variant is in each manuscript.
Place |
words |
p10 |
p26 |
p27 |
p61 |
p40 |
p46 |
p94 |
Si |
A |
B |
C |
D |
Sah |
Boh |
Fay |
ClemA |
Origen |
PetA |
Ital b |
Ital d |
Iren |
Lucifer |
Vg |
Pelag |
Eth |
Chrys |
Byz |
Arm |
Geo |
Polycarp |
Syr
Pal |
Syr
P |
Syr
H |
Place |
|
Rom 1:1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
1/ 2 |
2 |
(2) |
2 |
2 |
1/2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
Rom 1:1 |
|
Rom 1:7a |
2 |
1 |
1? |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
2/ 3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Rom 1:7a |
|
Rom 1:7b |
2 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
|
|
|
Rom 1:7b |
|
Rom 1:13 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
(1) |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
(1) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
(1) |
1 |
Rom 1:13 |
|
Rom 1:15 |
3 |
- |
1? |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
(1) |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Rom 1:15 |
|
Rom 1:16 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 1:16 |
|
Rom 1:29 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
2 |
(2?) |
- |
- |
(2)/3/4/5 |
- |
(4) |
3 |
- |
3 |
(4) |
(3) |
2 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
(2)/ 4 |
- |
- |
(4) |
4 |
Rom 1:29 |
|
Rom 1:31 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1? |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1?/2 |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 1:31 |
|
Rom 2:2 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
1/2 |
2 |
- |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
3 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
|
|
(1) |
1 |
Rom 2:2 |
|
Rom 2:16 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
3 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
(1)/2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 3? |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1/2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 2:16 |
|
Rom 3:7 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1?/2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 3:7 |
|
Rom 3:9 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
2 |
1? |
1 |
- |
|
3/ 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
3 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
|
(3) |
(3) |
Rom 3:9 |
|
Rom 3:12 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
Rom 3:12 |
|
Rom 3:22 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1/ 3 |
- |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
2/ 3 |
2 |
- |
3 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
- |
1 |
3 |
3 |
Rom 3:22 |
|
Rom 3:25 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1? |
- |
- |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
3 |
(3) |
- |
- |
3? |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 3:25 |
|
Rom 3:26 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1/ 4 |
- |
2 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
1/ 4 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
|
|
|
Rom 3:26 |
|
Rom 3:28 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
(1) |
2 |
2/ 3 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
2 |
Rom 3:28 |
|
Rom 4:1a |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
(1) |
- |
- |
1/ 3 |
- |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
3 |
3 |
- |
4 |
4 |
1 |
3 |
- |
1 |
(1) |
- |
Rom 4:1a |
|
Rom 4:1b |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 4:1b |
|
Rom 4:11 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1/ 2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2? |
- |
(1) |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Rom 4:11 |
|
Rom 4:15 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1?/2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 4:15 |
|
Rom 4:19a |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
2 |
1 |
1/ 2 |
2 |
(1) |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
Rom 4:19a |
|
Rom 4:19b |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1?/2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1/ 2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
Rom 4:19b |
|
Rom 4:22 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2A |
1 |
2A |
2A |
2A |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
1/ 2A? |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
2A |
1 |
- |
2A |
2A |
1 |
Rom 4:22 |
|
Rom 5:1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1?/2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1/ 2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 5:1 |
|
Rom 5:2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 3 |
- |
1 |
3 |
- |
- |
1/ 2? |
- |
1 |
1/ 2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Rom 5:2 |
|
Rom 5:6 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
1? |
1 |
3 |
(3) |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
4 |
4 |
4 |
- |
3?/4 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
(3) |
(2) |
|
Rom 5:6 |
|
Rom 5:12 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
1 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
|
1/ 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
3 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1/ 3 |
Rom 5:12 |
|
Rom 5:17 |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
4A |
1 |
1 |
4A |
1 |
1 |
|
3/ 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
- |
2/ 4A |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
|
2 |
2 |
Rom 5:17 |
|
Rom 6:4 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1? |
1 |
- |
- |
2/ 3 |
- |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
- |
1 |
3 |
1 |
Rom 6:4 |
|
Rom 6:8 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2? |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
(2) |
1 |
Rom 6:8 |
|
Rom 6:11 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2? |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
1/ 2/ 3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
3 |
- |
1/ 2 |
1 |
(2) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1/ 2 |
- |
(2) |
(2) |
1 |
Rom 6:11 |
|
Rom 6:12 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
- |
- |
1 |
3 |
Rom 6:12 |
|
Rom 6:16 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
|
1/ 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
1/ 2 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
1 |
2 |
1 |
Rom 6:16 |
|
Rom 7:6 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1/ 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
1/ 2 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1/2 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
Rom 7:6 |
|
Rom 7:14 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1?/2? |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 7:14 |
|
Rom 7:18 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
4 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 7:18 |
|
Rom 7:20 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2A |
2A |
2A |
2A |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
2A |
2 |
2A |
1 |
1 |
2A |
2A |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
Rom 7:20 |
|
Rom 7:22 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 7:22 |
|
Rom 7:23 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
1/ 2 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 7:23 |
|
Rom 7:25 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
5 |
- |
- |
3 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
2/ 3 |
- |
3 |
3 |
(6) |
- |
3 |
3 |
|
(5) |
5 |
1 |
1/ 5 |
|
|
5 |
5 |
Rom 7:25 |
|
Rom 7:28 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 7:28 |
|
Rom 8:1 |
8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
(1) |
2 |
2 |
1ms |
1/ 2 |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
Rom 8:1 |
|
Rom 8:2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
3 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1/ 2 |
- |
3 |
1 |
2 |
Rom 8:2 |
|
Rom 8:11a |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
6 |
1 |
7 |
5 |
3 |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
? |
8 |
2 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 8:11a |
|
Rom 8:11b |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 8:11b |
|
Rom 8:11c |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
|
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
(2) |
2 |
1 |
Rom 8:11c |
|
Rom 8:11d |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 8:11d |
|
Rom 8:21 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
- |
2 |
1 |
2 |
Rom 8:21 |
|
Rom 8:23 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3? |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
3 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 8:23 |
|
Rom 8:24a |
1 |
- |
- |
1? |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
3 |
- |
1 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
4 |
2 |
- |
4 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
(4) |
3 |
3 |
3? |
4 |
- |
- |
(2) |
3 |
Rom 8:24a |
|
Rom 8:24b |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
Rom 8:24b |
|
Rom 8:26 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
(1)/2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
Rom 8:26 |
|
Rom 8:28a |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 8:28a |
|
Rom 8:28b |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 8:28b |
|
Rom 8:34 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
3 |
3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
3 |
1 |
Rom 8:34 |
|
Rom 8:35 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
3 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2/ 3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1/ 2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 8:35 |
|
Rom 8:38 |
2 |
- |
- |
1? |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2/(3) |
- |
2 |
(1) |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2/5 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
5 |
4 |
Rom 8:38 |
|
Rom 9:4 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1/ 2? |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 9:4 |
|
Rom 9:23 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1? |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
1 |
2 |
1/ 2 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1?/2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 9:23 |
|
Rom 9:28a |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
3 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
1 |
3 |
Rom 9:28a |
|
Rom 9:28b |
13 |
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 9:28b |
|
Rom 9:32 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1? |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
Rom 9:32 |
|
Rom 9:33 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
Rom 9:33 |
|
Rom 10:1 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
2 |
1 |
|
- |
2 |
2 |
(3) |
2 |
3 |
1/2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 10:1 |
|
Rom 10:5a |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
4 |
7 |
2 |
|
5 |
4 |
4 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 10:5a |
|
Rom 10:5b |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
3 |
3 |
5 |
|
|
3/6 |
3/6 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
2 |
1 |
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 10:5b |
|
Rom 10:9 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
2? |
|
1 |
2 |
4 |
|
1 |
4 |
3 |
|
4 |
1 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 10:9 |
|
Rom 10:15 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 10:15 |
|
Rom 10:17 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1? |
|
1 |
2 |
1 |
1? |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
2 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 10:17 |
|
Rom 11:1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
3 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
|
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 11:1 |
|
Rom 11:6 |
14 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 3? |
1 |
(1) |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1/3 |
- |
- |
(3) |
(3) |
Rom 11:6 |
|
Rom 11:16 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 11:16 |
|
Rom 11:17a |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
|
3? |
3 |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
1 |
3 |
3 |
- |
2 |
2 |
(4) |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 11:17a |
|
Rom 11:17b |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
Rom 11:17b |
|
Rom 11:21 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
|
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
(1) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 11:21 |
|
Rom 11:25 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
3 |
- |
- |
3 |
3 |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 11:25 |
|
Rom 11:31 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3A |
|
1 |
3 |
1 |
|
1 |
2 |
1 |
1/2 |
- |
3A |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
3A |
3 |
3A |
3A |
3A |
3A |
1 |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
Rom 11:31 |
|
Rom 11:32 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2? |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
2A |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 11:32 |
|
Rom 12:11 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1/ 2 |
- |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 12:11 |
|
Fom 12:14 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
|
1 |
1 |
3 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1/ 4 |
- |
(1) |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Fom 12:14 |
|
Rom 13:5 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Rom 13:5 |
|
Rom 13:9 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
3 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
3 |
- |
1/ 2 |
2/ 3/(4) |
- |
|
1 |
- |
|
3 |
1 |
3 |
4/5 |
1/ 3 |
3 |
1 |
- |
3 |
1 |
(3) |
Rom 13:9 |
|
Rom 13:11 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2? |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
1 |
3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
3 |
Rom 13:11 |
|
Rom 13:12 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 13:12 |
|
Rom 14:4 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
|
2 |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 /2 |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
Rom 14:4 |
|
Rom 14:5 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2A |
- |
1 |
1 |
2A |
|
2A |
2A |
1 |
- |
- |
2A |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
2A |
2A |
2A |
2A |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 14:5 |
|
Rom 14:9 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
(4) |
(4) |
4 |
|
(1)/2 |
(2) |
1 |
1/ 3 |
3 |
1 |
1 /2 |
|
|
5 |
3 |
Rom 14:9 |
|
Rom 14:10 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1/ 2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1/ 2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 /2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 14:10 |
|
Rom 14:12 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2? |
1 |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 14:12 |
|
Rom 14:16 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
3? |
|
2 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
1/ 2 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 14:16 |
|
Rom 14:19 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 /2 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
Rom 14:19 |
|
Rom 14:21 |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
3 |
3 |
- |
|
|
3 |
1 |
(3) |
3 |
3 |
1/3 |
- |
(3) |
1 |
3 |
Rom 14:21 |
|
Rom 14:22 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
|
1? |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 14:22 |
|
Rom 14:23 |
53 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4 |
- |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1/ 2? |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
2 /3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
Rom 14:23 |
|
Rom 15:7 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
|
1/ 2? |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 15:7 |
|
Rom 15:19 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
3 |
2 |
- |
3 |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
1/ 3 |
- |
1 |
3 |
- |
|
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1/3 |
- |
3 |
1 |
1 |
Rom 15:19 |
|
Rom 15:23 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 15:23 |
|
Rom 15:24 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 /2 |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
Rom 15:24 |
|
Rom 15:29 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1/ 2 |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
3 |
1 /2 |
|
|
2 |
2 |
Rom 15:29 |
|
Rom 15:31 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
|
1?/(2) |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 15:31 |
|
Rom 15:32a |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
2 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
6 |
1 |
5 |
- |
- |
(1) |
- |
6 |
6 |
- |
|
5/6? |
- |
(5) |
5 |
5 |
1 |
5 |
- |
- |
(4) |
4 |
Rom 15:32a |
|
Rom 15:32b |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 15:32b |
|
Rom 15:33 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1/ 2? |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 15:33 |
|
Rom 16:7a |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
|
2? |
- |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Rom 16:7a |
|
Rom 16:7b |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
2 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
6 |
4 |
6? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
3 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 16:7b |
|
Rom 16:15 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1 |
1 |
(1) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
Rom 16:15 |
|
Rom 16:10 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 16:10 |
|
Rom 16:20 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
- |
|
2 |
- |
2 |
3 |
- |
|
2/ 3? |
- |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Rom 16:20 |
|
Rom 16:22 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 16:22 |
|
Rom 16:24 |
11 |
- |
- |
- |
1A |
- |
1A |
- |
1A |
1A |
1A |
1A |
2 |
1A |
1A |
- |
- |
1A |
- |
1A |
2 |
- |
|
1A/2/3? |
(2) |
3 |
|
2 |
3 |
3 |
- |
- |
3 |
2 |
Rom 16:24 |
|
Rom 16:25-27 |
53 |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
4 |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
1/ 3? |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
1 |
3 |
Rom 16:25-27 |
|
Rom 16:27a |
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rom 16:27a |
|
Rom 16:27b |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
1 |
Rom 16:27b |
|
postscript |
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
postscript |
|
Place |
words |
p10 |
p26 |
P27 |
p61 |
p40 |
p46 |
p94 |
Si |
A |
B |
C |
D |
Sah |
Boh |
Fay |
ClemA |
Origen |
PetA |
Ital b |
Ital d |
Iren |
Lucifer |
Vg |
Pelag |
Eth |
Chrys |
Byz |
Arm |
Geo |
Polycarp |
Syr
Pal |
Syr
P |
Syr
H |
Place |