EPISTROPHE: or, Like Sentence-Endings. The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive sentences (antistrophe, epiphora, conversio)

EPIPHOZA: or, Epistrophe in Argument

EPANADIPLOSIS: or, Encircling. The repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and end of a sentence

EPADIPLOSIS: or, Repeated Epanadiplosis

ANADIPLOSIS: or, Like Sentence-Endings and Beginnings (epanastrophe, palillogia, reversio, redupucatio)

CLIMAX: or, Gradation. Repeated Anadiplosis

MESARCHIA: or, Beginning and Middle Repetition. The repetition of the same word at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence

MESODIPLOSIS: or, Middle Repetition. The repetition of the same word in the middle of successive sentences (mesophonia)

MESOTELEUTON: or, Middle and End Repetition. The repetition of the same word in the middle and at the end of a sentence

REPETITIO: or, Repetition. The repetition of the same word or words irregularly in the same passage

POLYPTOTON : or, Many Inflections. The repetition of the same noun or verb, etc., in different declensions and conjugations (metagoge, casuum varietas)

I. Verbs.

1. Verbs repeated in different moods and tenses

2. Verbs with their imperatives or participles (homogene):

(a) In strong affirmation

(b) In strong negation

3. Verbs with cognate noun

4. Verbs with other parts of speech

II. Nouns and pronouns:

1. Nouns repeated in different cases

2. Nouns repeated in different Numbers

(a) In singular and plural

(b) In singular and dependent Genitive plural

III. Adjectives.

(b) In a different sense.

ANTANACLASIS: or, Word-Clashing, and

PLOCE : or, Word-Folding. The repetition of the same word in the same sentence with different meanings (ANACLASIS, ANTISTASIS, DIALOGIA, REFRACTIO)

SYNCECEIOSIS: or, Cohabitation. The repetition of the same word in the same sentence with an extended meaning (co-habitatio)

SYLLEPSIS: or, Combination. The repetition of the sense without the actual repetition of the word (synesis, synthesis)

3. The Repetition of Different Words.

(a) In a similar order (but same sense).

SYMPLOCE: or, Intertwining. The repetition of different words in successive sentences, in the same order and same sense (complexio, complicated)

(b) In a different order (but same sense).

EPANODOS : or, Inversion. The repetition of different words in a sentence, in an inverse order (but same sense) (regressio, inversio)

ANTIMETABOLE: or, Counterchange. Epanodos with contrast or opposition (diallelon, metathesis, COMMUTATIO)

(c) Simitar in sound, but different in sense.

PAREGMENON : or, Derivation. The repetition of words derived from the same root: similar in sound, but different in sense (derivatio)

PARONOMASIA: or, Rhyming-Words. The repetition of words similar in sound, but not necessarily in sense or origin (annominatio, agnominatio)

PARECHESIS: or, Foreign Paronomasia. The repetition of words similar in sound, but different in language

(d) Different in sound, but similar in sense.

SYNONYMIA: or, Synonymous Words. The repetition of words different in sound and origin, but similar in meaning

REPEATED NEGATION : or, Many Noes. The repetition of two or more negatives (Greek) for the sake of emphasis

4. The Repetition of Sentences and Phrases.

CYCLOIDES : or, Circular Repetition. The repetition of the same phrase at regular intervals

AMOEBAEON : or, Refrain. The repetition of the same phrase at the end of successive paragraphs

COENOTES: or, Combined Repetition. The repetition of two different phrases : one at the beginning and the other at the end of successive paragraphs (complexio)

EPIBOLE: or, Overlaid Repetition. The repetition of the same phrase at irregular intervals

SYNANTESIS : or, Introverted Repetition. The repetition of the same sentence or phrase in an inverse order

5. The Repetition of Subjects.

PARALLELISM: or, Parallel Lines. The repetition of the same or opposite subject in sucessive lines

I. Simple

1. Synonymous or Gradational

2. Antithetic or Opposite

3. Synthetic or Constructive

II. Complex

1. Alternate. Two lines repeated only once (four lines in all)

2. Repeated Alternation. Two lines repeated more than once

3. Extended Alternation. Three or more lines repeated

4. Introverted

CORRESPONDENCE. The repetition of various subjects in successive paragraphs

I. Alternate

1. Simple. Two series of two members

2. Extended. Two series of several members

3. Repeated. More than two members

(a) of two members each

(b) of more than two members each

II. Introverted (chiasmos, chiaston, decussata oratio, allelouchia)

III. Complex: or, Combined. A combination of Alternate and Introverted Correspondence

II. AFFECTING THE SENSE (Figures of Rhetoric).

1. Repetitio. By way of Repetition.

PROSAPODOSIS : or, Detailing. A repetition in detail (reditio, redditio, disjunctio, diezeuchenon)

EPIDIEGESIS: or, Re-Statement. A repetition in order to re-state in full

EPEXEGESIS: or, Fuller-Explaining. A repetition in order to explain more fully (exegesis, ecphrasis, epichrema)

EXERGASIA : or, Working-Out. A repetition in order to work out and illustrate what has been already said (epexergasia, expoutio)

EPIMONE: or, Lingering. A repetition in order to dwell upon a subject for the sake of emphasizing it (COMMORATIO)

HERMENEIA: or, Interpretation. A repetition for the purpose of interpreting what has been already Said (iNTERPRETATIO)

BATTOLOGIA : or Vain Repetition

2. Amplificatio. By way of Addition or Amplification.

PLEONASM : or, Redundancy. When more words are used than the Grammar requires

I. Words.
1. Certain idiomatic words

2. Other words

II. Sentences.

1. Affirmative

2. Negative

PERIPHRASIS: or, Circumlocution. When a description is used instead of the name (circumlocutio, circuitio)

HYPERBOLE: or, Exaggeration. When more is said than is literally meant (epauxesis, hperoche, hyperTHESIS, SUPERLATIO)

ANABASIS: or, Gradual Ascent. An increase of sense in successive sentences (incrementum, auxesis, anagoge)

CATABASIS: or, Gradual Descent. The opposite of Anabasis (decrementum)

MERISMOS: or, Distribution. An enumeration of the parts of a whole which has been mentioned (epimerisMOS, DIALLAGE, DISTRIBUTIO, DISCRIMINATIO, DIGESTIO)

SYNATHROESMOS : or, Enumeration. The enumeration of the parts of a whole which has not been mentioned (aparithmesis, enumeratio, congeries, SYRMOS, EIRMOS)

EPITROCHASMOS: or, Summarising. A running lightly over by way of summary (percursio)

DIEXODOS: or, Expansion. A lenghtening out by copious exposition of facts

EPITHETON : or, Epithet. The naming of a thing by denning it (appositum)

SYNTHETON: or, Combination. The placing together of two words by usage

HORISMOS; or, Definition. A definition of terms (definitio)

3. Descriptio. By way of Description.

HYPOTYPOSIS : or, Word-Picture. Visible representation of objects or actions by words (repraesentatio, ADUMBRATIO, DIATYPOSIS, ENARGEIA, PHANTASiA, ICON, EICASIA, IMAGO)

PROSOPOGRAPHIA: or, Description of Persons (persons descriptio)

EFFICTIO: or, Word-Portrait

CHARACTERISMOS : or, Description of Character

ETHOPCEIA: or, Description of Manners (notatio, morum expressio)

PATHOPCEIA: or, Description of Feelings

MIMESIS: or, Description of Sayings (imitatio)

PRAGMATOGRAPHIA: or, Description of Actions (rei aut actionis descriptio)

TOPOGRAPHEIA: or, Description of Place (loci descriptio)

CHRONOGRAPHIA: or, Description of Time (temporis descriptio)

PERISTASIS: or, Description of Circumstances (CIRCUMSTANTIAE DESCRIPTIO, DIASKUE)

PROTIMESIS : or, Description of Order

4. Conclusio. By way of Conclusion.

EPICRISIS : or, Judgment. The addition of conclusion
by way of deduction ... ... ... ... 459
EPITASIS: or, Amplification. The addition of conclusion by way of emphasis ... ... ... 462
ANESIS : or, Abating. The addition of conclusion by
way of lessening the effect ... ... ... 463
EPIPHONEMA: or, Exclamation. The addition of
conclusion by way of exclamation ... ... 464
PROECTHESIS: or, Justification. The addition of
conclusion by way of justification ... ... 465
EPITHERAPEIA: or, Qualification. The addition of
conclusion by way of modification ... ... 466
EXEMPLUM: or, Example. The addition of conclusion by way of example ... ... ... 467
SYMPERASMA: or, Concluding Summary. The addition of conclusion by way of .a brief summary
(ATHR05SMOS) ... ... ••• •¦¦ •-. 468

xxx. FIGURES OF SPEECH.

5. Interpositio.
By way of Interposition.
PARENTHESIS: Parenthesis. Parenthetic addition
by way of explanation: complete in itself ... ... 470
EPITRECHON : or, Running Along. Parenthetic addition by way of statement thrown in : not complete in itself (subcontinuatio) ... ... ... 472
CATAPLOCE: or, Sudden Exclamation. Parenthetic
addition by way of ..exclamation ... ... ... 475
PAREMBOLE: or, Insertion. Parenthetic independent
addition ... ... ... ... ... 476
INTERJECTIO: or, Interjection. Parenthetic addition
by way of feeling ... ... ... ... 478
EJACULATIO : or, Ejaculation. Parenthetic addition
by way of wish or prayer ... ... ... 479
HYPOTIMESIS: or, Under-Estimating. Parenthetic
addition by way of apology or excuse (meiligmata) ... 480
ANiERESIS : or, Detraction, Parenthetic addition by
way of detraction (Parenthetic Tapeinosis) ... 481
6. Ratiocinatio. By way of Reasoning,
PARADIEGESIS: or, A Bye-Leading. Addition of
outside facts by way of Reasoning ... ... 482
SUSTENTATIO: or, Suspense. Addition, suspending
the conclusion, by way of Reasoning (exartesis) ... 483
PARALEIPSIS: or, A Passing-By. Addition (brief) of what is professedly ignored (parasiopesis, pr^eter-
MISSIO, PR^ETERITIO) ... ... ... 484
PROSLEPSIS: or, Assumption. Addition (full) of what
is professed to be ignored (assumptio, circumducts) 485
APOPHASIS: or, Insinuation. Addition of insinuation
(implied) by way of Reasoning .. ... ... 486
CATAPHASIS: or, Affirmation. Addition of insinuation
(stated) by way of Reasoning ... ... ... 487
ASTEISMOS: or, Politeness, Addition by graceful
disclosure of what is professedly concealed... ... 488

THIRD DIVISION.
FIGURES INVOLVING CHANGE.*

I. AFFECTING THE MEANING OF WORDS.
ENALLAGE: or, Exchange. The exchange of one
word for another ... ... ... ... 490
ANTEMEREIA; or, Exchange of Farts of Speech 491
I. Antemereia of the Verb ... ... ... 492
1. Infinitive for Noun ... ... ... ... 492
2. Participle (active) for Noun ... ... ... 493
3. Participle (passive) for Adjective ... ... 494
II. Antemereia of the Adverb ... ... ... 494
1. Adverb for Noun ... ... ... ... 494
2. Adverb for Adjective ... ... ... 494
III. Antemereia of Adjective ... ... ... 495
1. Adjective for Adverb ... ... 495
2. Adjective for Noun ... ... ... 495
IV. Antemereia of the Noun ... ... ... 496
1. A Noun for a Verb... ... ... ... 496
2. Noun for Adverb ... ... ... ... 496
3. Noun for Adjective ... ... ... ... 497
4. Noun (repeated) for Adjective ... ... 497
5. Noun (in regimen) for Adjective ... ... 497
6. Noun (governing) for Adjective (hypallage, see
page 535) ... ... ... ... 504
7. Former of two Nouns (both in regimen) for
Adjective ... --¦ •• ¦•• 505
8. Latter of two Nouns (both in regimen) for Adjective 505
9. One of two Nouns in the same case (and not in
regimen) for Adjective ... ... ... 506
10. Noun (in regimen) for Superlative of Adjective... 506

FIGURES OF SPEECH. XXSH.

ANTIPTOSIS: or, Exchange of Cases. The exchange
of one case for another ... ••• ¦•¦ 507
HETEROSIS: or, Exchange of Accidence ... 510
I. Heterosis of the Verb (Forms and Voices) ... 512
1. Intransitive for Transitive ... • ¦• ••• 512
2. Active for Passive ... ¦ •- •¦¦ ¦¦¦ 512
3. Middle for Passive ... ... ¦¦¦ ¦•¦ 512
II. Heterosis of Moods ... ..- ¦¦• ¦•¦ 513
1. Indicative for Subjunctive ... ¦¦¦ ¦•• 513
2. Subjunctive for Indicative ... ¦• -•¦ 513
3. Imperative for Indicative ... -¦• ¦ •¦ 513
4. Imperative for Subjunctive ... ... ••• 515
5. Infinitive for Indicative ... ¦¦- ¦¦• 515
6. Infinitive for Imperative ... ••- ¦¦• 516
III. Heterosis of Tenses ... ¦¦• •¦¦ 517
1. Past for Present ... ... ... -•¦ 517
2. Past for Future ... ... ... ••• 518
3. Aorist for Past ... ... ... ¦ • ¦ 520
4. Aorist for Present ... ... ... ..- 520
5. Present for Past ... ... ... . ¦ • 520
6. Present for Future... ... ... .¦- 521
7. Present for Paulo-post-futurum ... ... 522
8. Future for Past ... ... ... ... 522
9. Future for Present... ... ... ... 523
10. Future for Imperative ... ... ... 523
IV. Heterosis of Person and Number (Verbs) ... 524
1. First Person for Third ... ... ... 524
2. Second for Third ... ... ... ... 524
3. Third for First and Second ... ... ... 524
4. Plural for Singular... ... ... ... 525
5. Singular for Plural ... ... ... ... 525
V. Heterosis of Adjectives and Adverbs (Degree) 526
1. Positive for Comparative ... ... ... 526
2. Positive for Superlative ... ... ... 527
3. Comparative for Positive ... ... ... 527
4. Comparative for Superlative ... ... 527
5. Superlative for Comparative ... ... 528
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxxiii.
Vi. Heterosis of Nouns... ... ... ... 528
1. Singular for Plural... ... ... ... 528
2. Plural for Singular... ... ... ... 529
3. Plural for Indefinite Number: or, one of many 532
VII. Heterosis of Gender ... ... ... 533
1. Masculine for Feminine ... ... ... 533
2. Masculine for Neuter ... ... ... 533
3. Feminine for Neuter ... ... ... 533
4. Neuter for Masculine or Feminine ... ... 534
HYPALLAGE : or, Interchange. Interchange of construction ... ... ... ... ... 535
METONYMY: or, Change of Noun. The change of
one noun for another related noun ... ... 538
I. Metonymy of the Cause ... ... ... 539
i. The person acting, for the thing done ... ... 540
ii. The instrument, for the thing effected... ... 545
iii. The action, for the thing produced by it ... 549
iv. The material, for the thing made from it ... 557
II. Metonymy of the Effect ... ... ... 560
i. The action or effect, for the person producing it 560
ii. The thing effected, for the instrument effecting it 563
iii. The effect, for the thing or action causing it ... 564
III. Metonymy of the Subject ... ... ... 567
i. The subject receiving, for the thing received ... 567
ii. The container, for the contents ... ... 573
iii. The possessor, for the thing possessed ... 582
iv. The object, for that which pertains to it ,.. 584
v. The thing signified, for the sign ... ... 586
IV. Metonymy of the Adjunct ... ... ... 587
i. The adjunct, for the subject ... ... ... 587
ii. The contents, for the container ... ... 591
iii. The time, for the things done or existing in it ... 593 iv. The appearance of a thing, for its nature; or
the opinion about a thing, for the thing itself 597
v. The action or affection, for the object of it ... 598
vi. The sign, for the thing signified ... ... 603
vii. The name of a person, for the person himself,
or the thing itself ... ... ... 608

FIGURES OF SPEECH. XXXIV.

METALEPSIS: or, Double Metonymy. Two Metonymies, one contained in the other, but only one
J . ... ... 609
expressed
SYNECDOCHE: or, Transfer. The exchange of one
idea for another associated idea ... ¦•¦ ¦¦¦ 613
I. Synecdoche of the Genus
i. All, for the greater part ... •¦- •¦¦ 614
ii. Universal affirmative does not affirm particularly 616
iii. Universal negative does not deny particularly ... 618
iv. Universale for particulars ... ¦¦¦ ¦•¦ 619
v. Wider meaning, for narrower ... ¦¦• 620
II. Synecdoche of the Species ... ... ••• 623
i. Many, for all ... ¦•¦ ¦¦¦ ¦¦¦ 623
ii. Narrower meaning, for wider ... ... "24
iii. Proper names, for common ... ... ¦•- °2o
iv. A species, put for a whole genus ... ¦•• 625
v. Verbs: special for general ... ... --• 62J
vi. One example or specimen, for all kinds ... 634
III. Synecdoche of the Whole ... ... ... 63o
i. The whole, for every part ... ... •¦• 63o
ii. Collective, for the particular ... ... 636
iii. The whole, for one of its parts ... ... 637
iv. A place, for a part of it ... ... . ¦ ¦ "38
v. Time, for a part of it ... ¦ • • ¦ "39
IV. Synecdoche of the Part ... ... ... 640
i. An integral part of man (individually), for the
whole man ... ... ... 64"
ii. An integral part of men (collectively), for the
whole ... ... ... ... ... 648
iii. A part of a thing, for the whole thing ... 650
iv. A part of time for the whole time ... ... 652
HENDIADYS : or, Two for One. Two words used, but
one thing meant ... ... ... ... 657
1. Nouns ... ... ... ... ... 659
2. Verbs ... ... ... ... ... 671
HENDIATRIS: or, Three for One. Three words used,
but one thing meant ... ... ... ... 673
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxxv.
CATACHRESIS : or, Incongruity. One word changed
for another only remotely connected with it (abusio) 674
I. Of two words, where the meanings are remotely akin 675
II. Of two words, where the meanings are different 677
III. Of one word, where the Greek receives its
meaning from the Hebrew, etc. ... ... 677
METALLAGE: or, A Changing Over. A different subject of thought substituted for the original subject (supposjtio, materialjs) ... ... ... ... 681
ANTONOMASIA: or, Name-Change. Change of
proper name for appellative ; or fice versa ... ... 682
EUPHEMISMOS: or, Euphemy. Change of what is
unpleasant for pleasant (periploce, chroma, involutio) 684
AMPLIATIO: or, Adjournment: i.e., An Old Name for a New Thing. A retaining of an old name after the reasorrforit is passed away ... ... ... 689
ANTIPHRASIS: or, Permutation: i.e., A New Name for the Old Thing. A new and opposite name for a thing after the original meaning has been
lost (PERMUTATIO) ... ... ... ... 691
II. AFFECTING THE ARRANGEMENT AND ORDER OF WORDS-
1. Separate Words.
HYPERBATON : or, Transposition. The placing of
a word out of its usual order in a sentence ... 692
ANASTROPHE: or, Arraignment. The position of one word changed so as to be set over against the other (parallage, syncategorema, trajectjo, inversio) ... 699
SYLLEPSIS : or, Change in Concord. Grammatical Syllepsis, by which there is a change in the ideas, rather than in the actual words, so that the concord is logical rather than grammatical ... ... ... 701

FIGURES OF SPEECH. XXXVI.

TMESIS: or, Mid-Cut. A change by which one word is cut in two, and another word put in between (imacupk,
DIURESIS, DIASTOLE, IMVISIO)
2. Sentences and Phrases. HYSTERON-PROTERON: or, The Last, First.
The second of two things put first - - - ¦ ¦ • 703
HYSTEROLOGIA: or, The First, Last. The former of two things put last (the opposite of Hystcron-Pro-
tcron) ... ... ...... •¦¦ ¦¦¦ 705
HYSTERESIS: or, Subsequent Narration. A subsequent narration of prior events ... ... -¦• 709
SIMULTANEUM: or, Insertion. Parenthetic insertion between the record of two simultaneous events 714
ANTITHESIS: or, Contrast. A setting of one phrase
in contrast with another (contentio) ... ... 715
ENANTIOSIS : or, Contraries. Affirmation or negation
by contraries ... ... ... ... ... 719
ANACOLUTHON : or, Non-sequence. A breaking off
the sequence of thought ... ... ... 720
1. Accusative alone at beginning of sentence ... 720
2. Interruption by parenthesis ... ... ... 721
3. Change of persons ... ... ... ... 721
4. Non-completion after breaking off ... ... 723
5. Transition from indirect to direct ... ... 724
6. Transition from direct to indirect ... 724
7. Two equivalent constructions united ... ... 724
HI. AFFECTING THE APPLICATION OF WORDS. 1. As to Sense.
SIMILE: or, Resemblance. A declaration that one
thing resembles another. Comparison by resemblance 726
SYNCRISIS: or, Repeated Simile. A repetition of a
number of resemblances (pahathes.s, compahatio) ... 734
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxxvii.
METAPHOR: or, Representation. A declaration that one thing is (or represents) another. Comparison by representation ... ... ... ... ... 735
HYPOCATASTASIS: or, Implication. A declaration that implies the resemblance or representation. Comparison by implication ... ... ... ... 744
ALLEGORY: or, Continued Metaphor and Hypoca-
tastasis. Continued representation and implication 748
PARABOLA: or, Parable: i.e., Continued Simile.
Comparison by continued resemblance ... ... 751
APOLOGUE : or, Fable. A fictitious narrative used for
illustration (fabula) ... ... ... ... 754
PARCEMIA : or, Proverb. A wayside saying in common
use (proverbium) ... ... ... ... 755
1. Parcemiic which are quoted as being already in
use as such ... ... ... ... 756
2. Parcemice which, though not quoted as such, were
very probably already in use as proverbial expressions ... ... ... ... 758
3. Parcemice which appear for the first time in
Scripture ; but, which, owing to their fulness of meaning and their wide application, have since passed into general use as proverbial sayings ... ... ... ¦•¦ 761
4. Non-canonical, or non-Scriptural, Proverbs ... 765
5. Misquoted Proverbial sayings ... ... 766
TYPE. A figure or ensample of something future, called
the antitype ... ... • • ¦ • • • • ¦ ¦ 768
SYMBOL. A material subject substituted for a moral or
spiritual truth ... ¦¦• -•¦ ¦-¦ ••• 769
./ENIGMA : or, Enigma : i.e., A Dark Saying. A truth
expressed in obscure language ... ... ... 772
POLYONYMIA: or, Many Names. An application of
Enigma to the names of persons or places ... ... 775

x«viii. WRES °F SPEECH-

GNOME : or, Quotation. A quotation without giving the
author's name (sententia) - - • ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ • 77&
Chreia ; or, usage, if author's name given Noema; or, sense, if it apply to person, time, or
place .-¦ Accommodatio; or, accommodation. If the
language be adopted, but used in a different sense ¦¦
I. As to their internal form (i.e., the sense as distinct
from the words) ... ... ¦¦- ... 782
1. Where the sense originally intended is preserved,
though the words may vary ... ... 784
2. Where the sense is modified ... ... ... 786
3. Where the sense is accommodated (accommo-
datio)... ... ... ... ... 786
II. As to their external form (i.e., the words as distinct
from the sense) ... ... ... ... 790
1. Where the words quoted are the same as the
Hebrew or Septuagint ... ... .... 790
2. Where the words are varied as to omission,
position, or addition ... ... 791
3. Where words are changed ... ... 792
(a) By a reading ... ... . . 793
(b) By an inference ... 794
(c) In number .... . 793
(d) In person ... 797
(e) In mood or tense ... 797
4. Where several citations are amalgamated (Com-
posite quotations) ... 797
5. Where the quotations are made from books
other than the Bible ... 800
AMPTas0L0GIAK,0r' D°Uble "'"** A word or
phrase suscept.ble of two interpretations ... ... 804
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xxxix.
EIRONEIA: or Irony. The expression of thought in a
form that conveys its opposite ... ... ... 807
Antiphrasis, when it consists of one word Permutatio, when it consists of a phrase or
sentence Sarcasmos, when it is Sarcasm
I. Divine Irony ... ... ... ... ... 808
II. Human Irony ... ... ... ... 813
III. Peirastic Irony (peirastikos) ... ... 814
IV. Simulated Irony ... ... ... ... 814
V. Deceptive Irony ... ... ... ... 815
OXYMORON : or, Wise-folly. A wise saying that
seems foolish (acutifatuum) ... ... ... 816
IDIOMA: or, Idiom. The peculiar usage of words and
phrases (idiotismos) ... ... ... ... 819
I. Idiomatic usage of Verbs ... ... ... 821
1. Active verbs for agent's design or attempt ... 821
2. Active verbs for the effect of the action ... 822
3. Active verbs for the declaration of the action ... 822
4. Active verbs for the permission of the action ... 823
5. Active verbs for the occasion of the action ... 824
6. Two imperatives, the first limiting the second ... 824
II. Idiomatic usage of Nouns and Verbs ... ... 825
1. Noun (in regimen) for adjective ... ... 825
2. Noun (a second) for adjective ... ... 825
3. Plural nouns for emphatic singular ... ... 825
4. Certain nouns and verbs in a peculiar sense ... 825
III. Idiomatic Degrees of Comparison ... ... 833
1. Preposition after adjective ... ... ... 833
2. Noun (in regimen) for adjective ... 833
3. Noun repeated in genitive plural ... ... 834
4. " Of God" as adjective ... ... ... 834
5. Duplication of noun as adjective ... ... 834
6. Two nouns conjoined ... ... ... 834
7. Plural noun for singular adjective ... ... 834
8. Verb and cognate noun ... ... ... 835
9. Verb and its participle ... ... ... 835

IV. Idiomatic use of Prepositions ... ¦•¦ ¦¦¦ 835
V. Idiomatic use of Numerals ... ¦•• ¦¦¦ 836
1. The numeral "one" ¦¦¦ ••• ¦¦ 836
2. Negative joined with verb instead of predicate ... 836
3. The adjective "all" ¦ ¦¦ ¦•¦ •¦¦ 836
4. The numeral doubled ... ¦¦- 836
VI. Idiomatic forms of Quotation ... ... ... 837
VII. Idiomatic forms of Question ... ... ... 837
VIII. Certain Idiomatic Phrases ... ... ... $37
1. " Answered and said " ... ... ¦ -. 837
2. Pronouns with " soul" ... ... ... 838
3. " Out of the way " (e« fidtrov) ... ... 838
4. "Breaking of bread" ... ... ... 839
5. " Take the sword" ... ... ... ... 842
6. " Open the mouth " ... ... ... 842
7. "Taste wine" ... ... ... ... 842
8. " ti kjiol Kal crot " ... ... ,,. .,. 842
9. "Son of man" ... ... ... ... 842
10. "Turn to ashes" ... ... ... ... 843
11. "Sons of God" ... ... ... ... 844
12. "Three days and three nights" ... ... 845
IX. Idioms arising from other Figures of Speech ... 849
X. Changes of usage of words in the Greek language ... 850
XI. Changes of usage of words in the English language 856
2. As to Persons.
PFOSOPOPCEIA: or, Personification. Things re-
presented as persons (personificatio, person*- fictio
CONFORMATIO) ... ... ggj
I. The members of the .human body 861
IK Animals ... ... '" g63
HI. The products of the earth ... '" 864
IV. Inanimate things oe.
V- Kmgdoms, Countries, and States 867
VI. Human actions attributed to things (somatopce.a)'.'.'. 868
ANTIPROSOPOPCEIA: or, Anti-Personification ... 870
ANTHROPOPATHEIA: or, Condescension ... 871
I. Human and Rational Beings ... ... ... 872
1. Parts and members of man, or of the human
body (theoprepos) ... ... ... 872
2. The feelings of men ... ... ... 882
3. The actions of men ... ... ... 883
4. Circumstances ... ... ... ... 891
(a) Negative ... ... ... ... 891
(b) Positive ... ... ... ... 891
(c) Of Place ... ... ... ... 892
(d) Of Time ... ... ... ... 893
(e) Of Person ... ... ... ... 893
II. Irrational Creatures ... ... ... 894
1. Animals ... ... ... ... ... 894
2. The actions of certain animals ... ... 894
3. Parts or members of certain animals ... ... 895
4. Plants ... ... ... ... ... 895
(a) Of Genus ... ... ... ... 895
(b) Of Species ... ... ... ... 895
III. Inanimate Things ... ... ... ... 895
1. Universal ... ... ... ... 895
2. Particulars ... ... ... ... S96
3. The Elements ... ... ... ... 896
4. The Earth ... ... ... ... 897
ANTIMETATHESIS: or, Dialogue. A transference
of speakers (polyprosopon) . - - . -. ... 898
ASSOCIATION : or, Inclusion. When the writer or
speaker associates himself with those whom he
addresses ... •¦• •¦¦ ¦¦• ¦¦¦ ^00
APOSTROPHE. A turning aside from the direct subject-matter to address others (prosphonesis, aversio) ... 901

I. Apostrophe to God ... ... ... ... 901

II. Apostrophe to Men ... ¦¦¦ ••• •¦• 902

1. To certain definite persons ... ... •¦ 902
2. To one's own self ... ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ 903
3. To some second person or persons (indefinite) ... 903
4. In Prophecies ... ¦¦¦ ••¦ ¦•¦ 904

III. Apostrophe to Animals ... ... ¦•• 904

IV. Apostrophe to Inanimate Things ... ... 904

5. As to Subject-Matter.
PARECBASIS : or, Digression. A turning aside from one subject to another (digressio, parabasis, ecbole, aphodos) ... ... ... ... ... 906
METABASIS: or, Transition. A passing from one
subject to another (transitio, interfactio)... ... 908
EPANORTHOSIS: or, Correction. A recalling of what has been said, in order to correct it as by an after-thought (diorthosis, epidiorthosis, metancea, correctio) ... ... ... 909
1. Where the retraction is absolute ... ... 909
2. Where it is partial or relative ... ... 910
3. Where it is conditional ... ... 911
AMPHIDIORTHOSIS: or, Double Correction. A
settmg both hearer and speaker right by a correction
which acts both ways ... ... 9]2
ANACHORESIS: or, Regression. A return to the ongmal subject after a digression (regress.o, epana-
CLES1SI
; * ¦• -¦¦ .. ... 913
4. As to Time.
PROLEPSIS (AMpL ; oriA
anfcpafon of some future time which cannot vet
be enjoyed; but has to be deferred ... Y 914
5. As to Feeling.
PATHOPCEIA: or, Pathos. An expression of feeling
or Emotion ... ... ... ... ... 916
ASTEISMOS: or, Urbanity. An expression of feeling
by way of Politeness ... ... ... ... 917
ANAMNESIS : or, Recalling. An expression of feeling
by way of recalling to mind (recollectio) ... ... 918
BENEDICTIO : or, Blessing. An expression of feeling
by way of Benediction or Blessing ... ... 919
EUCHE : or, Prayer. An expression of feeling by way of
Prayer (votum)... ... ... ... ... 920
PAR^NETICON : or, Exhortation. An expression of
feeling by way of Exhortation ... ... ... 921
CEONISMOS : or, Wishing. An expression of feeling by
way of Wishing or Hoping for a thing (optatio) ... 922
THAUMASMOS: or, Wondering. An expression of
feeling by way of Wonder ... ... ... 923
P^ANISMOS: or, Exultation. An expression of feeling by calling on others to rejoice... ... ... 924
ASTERISMOS : or, Indicating. The calling attention
to by making a star or mark ... ... ... 926
ECPHONESIS : or, Exclamation. An expression of feeling by way of Exclamation (anaphonesis, anapho-nema, exclamatio) ... ... -¦¦ ¦•• 927
APORIA : or, Doubt. An expression of feeling by way of
Doubt (diaporesis, dubitatio, addubitatio) ... 929
EPITIMESIS : or, Reprimand. An expression of feeling
by way of Censure, Reproof or Reproach (epiplexis) 930
ELEUTHERIA: or, Candour. An expression of feeling
by way of Freedom of speech, in Reprehension (par-rhesia, licentia) ... ••¦ ¦¦• --¦ 932
AGANACTESIS: or, Indignation. An expression of
feeling by way of Indignation ... ... ... 934

xUv FIGURES OF SPEECH.

APODIOXIS: or, Detestation. An expression of feeling by way of Detestation (rejectio, detbstatio, abomi-
NATIO) ...
DEPRECATIO : or, Deprecation. An expression of
feeling by way of Deprecation ... • ¦ ¦ ¦ • ¦ 936
DIASYRMOS : or, Raillery. An expression of feeling
by way of tearing away disguise ... ... •¦¦ 937
CATAPLEXIS : or, Menace. An expression of feeling
by way of Menace ¦¦¦ -•¦ ¦ •¦•. 938
EXOUTHENISMOS: or, Contempt. An expression of
feeling by way of Contempt ... ... ... 939
MALEDICTIO : or, Imprecation. An expression of feeling by way of Malediction or Execration (impre-
CATIO, EXECRATIO, COMM1NATIO, APEUCHE, MISOs) ... 940
DEASIS : or, Adjuration. An expression of feeling by
Oath or Asseveration (obsecratio, obtestatio) ... 941
CHLEUASMOS: or, Mocking. An expression of feeling by Mocking or Jeering (epicertomesis, mycteris-uos) ... ... ... ... ... ... 942
6. As to Argumentation.
EROTESIS : or, Interrogating. The asking of questions without expecting an answer (peusis, pysma, percon-
TATIO, INTERROGATE, EROTEHA) ... ... ... 944
1. In Positive Affirmation ... 947
2. In Negative Affirmation ... ... 947
3. In Affirmative Negation ... 949
4. In Demonstration ... ... 951
5. In Wonder and Admiration ... 95I
6. In Rapture or Exultation ... 952
7. In Wishes ... '" '" 952 8- In Refusals and Denials ... 953 9. In Doubts ... ' '" '" 953
!0. In Admonition ... '" '" 953
11. In Expostulation ... _ "" *" g53
12. In Prohibitions "" '" ncA
954

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiv.

13. In Pity and Commiseration ... ... ... 954
14. In Disparagements ... ... ... ... 954
15. In Reproaches ... ... ... ... 955
16. In Lamentation ... ... ... .,, 955
17. In Indignation ... ... ... ... 956
18. In Absurdities and Impossibilities ... ... 956
19. Double Questions ... ... ... ... 956
DIALOGISMOS: or, Dialogue. (logismus, sermo-
CINATIO) ... ... ... ... ... 957
DIANCEA: or, Animated Dialogue, (subjectio, res-
ponsio) ... ... ... ... ... 959
AFFIRMATIO: or, Affirmation. Spontaneous affirmation ... ... ... ... ... ... 960
NEGATIO: or, Negation. Spontaneous negation ... 961
ACCISMUS: Apparent Refusal ... ... ... 962
^TIOLOGIA : or, Cause Shown. The rendering of a
reason for what is said or done (apodeixis, causae redditio) ... ... ... ... ... 963
ANTEISAGOGE : or, Counter-Question. The answering of one question by asking another (antica-
TALLAXIS, ANTHUPOPHERA, COMPENSATIO, CONTRARIA ILLATIO) ... ... ¦¦• •¦¦ ¦•¦ 964
ANTISTROPHE: or, Retort. A turning the words of
a speaker against himself (bi^eon, violentum, inversio) 965
ANTICATEGORIA : or, Tu Quoque. The use of a
Counter-Charge, or Recrimination (accusatio adversa,
TRANSLATIO IN ADVERSARIUIW) ... ... ... 966
METASTASIS: or, Counter-Blame. A transferring of
the blame from one's self to another (translatio) ... 967
ANACCENOSIS : or, Common Cause. An appeal to others as having interests in common (symboulesis,
COMMUNICATIO) .*. -¦¦ "• •" *•¦ ^**
SYNCHORESIS: or, Concession Making a concession of one point to gain another (concessio, epicho-resjs)... -•• ¦•• ¦•¦ ¦¦' ¦'¦ 97°

xlvL FIGURES OF SPKECI1.

EPITROPE: or, Admission. Admission of wrong in
order to gain what is right (pekmissio) ... ... 971
PAROMOLOGIA: or, Confession. A concession in
argument to gain favour ... ... ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ 974
PROTHERAPEIA : or, Conciliation. The securing of
indulgence for what is about to be said ... ... 975
PRODIORTHOSIS : or, Warning. Something said to
prepare for a shock ... ... ... ... 977
PALINODIA : or. Retracting. Approval of one thing
after reproving for another thing ... ... ... 978
PROLEPSIS (OCCUPATIO): or, Anticipation. The
answering of an argument by anticipating it before it
is used (PROCATALEPSIS, APANTES1S, OCCUPATIO, ANTE-OCCUPATIO, PR.-EMOXITIO) ... ... ... ... 979
I. Tecta: Open (hypophera) ... ... ... 980
II. Aperta: Closed (axthypophera, schesis, anasche-
sis, prosapodaton, hypobole) ... ... 980

APPENDICES.

A, On the use of Different Types in the English Versions 985
B. On the usage of the Genitive Case ... ... ... 989
1. Of Character ... ... ... ... 990
2. Of Origin and Efficient Cause ... ... 990
3. Of Possession ... ... ... ... 993
4. Of Apposition ... ... ... ... 995
5. Of Relation and Object ... ... ... 995
6. Of Material ... ... ... ... 1001
7. Of Contents ... ... ... ... 1001
8. Of Partition ... ... ... ... 1001
9. Two Genitives ... ... ... ... 1002
C. On Homceoteleuta in the MSS. and Printed Text of the
Hebrew Bible ... ... ... ... ... 1003
D. On Hebrew Homonyms .. ... ... ... 1005
E. On the Eighteen Emendations of the Sopherim .. 1017

INDEXES.

I. Index of Figures (Proper Names).
II. index of Figures (English Equivalents).
III. Index of Texts Illustrated.
IV. Index of Structures. V. Index of Subjects.
VI. Index of Hebrew Words Explained. VII. Index of Greek Words Explained.